This new recording from pianist Sofia Sacco captures the full breadth of the work, offering a detailed and nuanced performance of each prelude and fugue, and a clear, faithful presentation of one of Shostakovich’s most important contributions to the piano repertoire.
24 PRELUDES & FUGUES, OP. 87
Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975)
Disc 1: Preludes & Fugues Nos. 1-13
1. Prelude No. 1 in C Major
2. Fugue No. 1 in C Major
3. Prelude No. 2 in A Minor
4. Fugue No. 2 in A Minor
5. Prelude No. 3 in G Major
6. Fugue No. 3 in G Major
7. Prelude No. 4 in E Minor
8. Fugue No. 4 in E Minor
9. Prelude No. 5 in D Major
10. Fugue No. 5 in D Major
11. Prelude No. 6 in B Minor
12. Fugue No. 6 in B Minor
13. Prelude No. 7 in A Major
14. Fugue No. 7 in A Major
15. Prelude No. 8 in F Sharp Minor
16. Fugue No. 8 in F Sharp Minor
17. Prelude No. 9 in E Major
18. Fugue No. 9 in E Major
19. Prelude No. 10 in C Sharp Minor
20. Fugue No. 10 in C Sharp Minor
21. Prelude No. 11 in B Major
22. Fugue No. 11 in B Major
23. Prelude No. 12 in G Sharp Minor
24. Fugue No. 12 in G Sharp Minor
25. Prelude No. 13 in F Sharp Major
26. Fugue No. 13 in F Sharp Major
Disc 2: Preludes & Fugues Nos. 14-24
1. Prelude No. 14 in E Flat Minor
2. Fugue No. 14 in E Flat Minor
3. Prelude No. 15 in D Flat Major
4. Fugue No. 15 in D Flat Major
5. Prelude No. 16 in B Flat Minor
6. Fugue No. 16 in B Flat Minor
7. Prelude No. 17 in A Flat Major
8. Fugue No. 17 in A Flat Major
9. Prelude No. 18 in F Minor
10. Fugue No. 18 in F Minor
11. Prelude No. 19 in E Flat Major
12. Fugue No. 19 in E Flat Major
13. Prelude No. 20 in C Minor
14. Fugue No. 20 in C Minor
15. Prelude No. 21 in B Flat Major
16. Fugue No. 21 in B Flat Major
17. Prelude No. 22 in G Minor
18. Fugue No. 22 in G Minor
19. Prelude No. 23 in F Major
20. Fugue No. 23 in F Major
21. Prelude No. 24 in D Minor
22. Fugue No. 24 in D Minor
Sofia Sacco, piano
In 1950, Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975), at the age of 44, was invited to Leipzig to serve as a juror at a festival marking the bicentenary of J. S. Bach’s death. It was here that Shostakovich met the young Russian pianist Tatiana Nikolayeva, who won the competition. Inspired by her insightful interpretation of Bach, he began to compose a series of 24 preludes and fugues for piano in all the major and minor keys, just as Bach had done with the Well-Tempered Clavier. Despite taking inspiration from Bach’s work, the tonal organisation of the cycle is not the one that Bach uses. Bach’s progression moves by semitones (from C to C#) whereas Shostakovich, following Chopin’s 24 Preludes op. 28, chooses a progression by ascending fifths (C followed by G, G followed by D, and so on). The resulting tonal colour is substantially different. With Bach we have a series of abrupt shifts between one prelude and fugue and the next, whereas Shostakovich creates a more nuanced chain of modulations. In reality, Bach only intends to ‘demonstrate’ the possibility of practising all major and minor tonalities on the tempered keyboard, while Shostakovich’s choice indicates the intention of creating a cycle, with a path that returns to its origin at the end, making it whole. The cycle not only demonstrated Shostakovich’s brilliant skills in counterpoint but also became a statement of his geniality and his resilience at a time when he was under immense pressure.
The political context surrounding the composition of the Preludes and Fugues is crucial to understanding the depth of the work. The Soviet Union, under Stalin’s rule, was an oppressive regime for the Russian intelligentsia. Especially the period from 1946 to 1953 (the year of Stalin’s death) was an era of terror and censorship among artists. The Soviet government demanded that all artistic works adhere to Socialist Realism, a state-imposed doctrine that required music to be accessible, uplifting, and ideologically sound. In 1948, Shostakovich was one of the prominent composers condemned by the Soviet government’s decree of “antipopular formalism”. He lost his teaching position and several of his works were banned. It wasn’t the first time when he had drawn the ire of the authorities—shortly after the publication of Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1934) and his Fourth Symphony (1936), Shostakovich had been forced to withdraw them and was labeled an “enemy of the people”.
It was under this oppressive atmosphere that Shostakovich composed his Preludes and Fugues, knowing before even starting that they would very likely be denied the light of day. The first performance of the Preludes and Fugues was given by the composer himself in 1951 in front of the Union of Composers. Nikolayeva, who was present, recalled that the work faced strong and widespread opposition. It was described as “ugly” and “distorted” and Shostakovich was found guilty of showing “tendencies of those sins committed in the past years”. It was Tatiana Nikolayeva herself who advocated for this work, recognising the brilliance of the cycle. She performed the Preludes and Fugues in its entirety in public in 1952, eventually securing its publication and championing it in her recitals.
We have to bear in mind that Shostakovich, despite being an accomplished pianist, barely composed for piano. He was celebrated by the Soviet government for his symphonies, where his artistic desires had to bend to the regime’s demands and expectations. Besides the technical desire to sharpen his polyphonic technique on the piano, Shostakovich may have had another deeply personal reason for embarking on the cycle. Lawrence Cosentino notes that the cycle emerged as a “highly improbable, extraordinarily bold, and shockingly profound act of self-healing.” Amidst a climate of fear and paranoia, Shostakovich’s music became for him a form of self-expression, where he could unleash his artistic genius without the constraints of official ideology. In writing the Preludes and Fugues, Shostakovich had no-one to please or to celebrate, but was instead seeking an outlet for his own emotional and psychological survival. It feels, in fact, disarmingly sincere. Combining the highest Baroque form with the colours of Russian folk songs, Shostakovich achieves an unprecedented variety of images and characters, giving life to one of the most spectacular compositions of the 20th century.
When listening to the entire cycle, it’s evident that there’s a sense of evolution between the pieces, with both a gradual shift in color and, especially, an emotional development. Unlike The Well-Tempered Clavier, which is divided into two books, this cycle feels unified, with prelude and fugue no. 12 that marks a turning point. The first twelve preludes and fugues share a lighter, more carefree spirit. The fugues are shorter, the musical ideas more direct, and the structure of each prelude and fugue is well-defined, often with clear and satisfying climaxes.
Something starts shifting with fugue no. 10. The subject here is more heartfelt and intimate—qualities shared with the second half of the cycle. It finally feels like a glimpse into a more personal and tortured side of Shostakovich’s soul. Prelude and fugue no. 12 builds on this with a touching Passacaglia that evolves into a tortured, insistent, and “formalist” fugue. After its unsettling conclusion, prelude no. 13 feels like a new beginning. From here, the line between major and minor keys becomes more subtle, and the preludes and fugues feel more cohesive.
The major preludes and fugues take on a more melancholic, and heartfelt quality, while the minor ones lose their previous dramatic force, instead embracing more moving and anguished themes. It is as though we are finally being granted access to his most intimate side, revealing an emotional depth that had always been there but never fully exposed until now.
Prelude and fugue no. 24 serves as the ultimate culmination of the cycle. It’s a synthesis of the two halves, carrying the profound anguish and sincerity of the second half, but with a renewed sense of purpose, drive and structural strength that had been lacking earlier. It brings the cycle to a powerful, definitive conclusion, leaving a lasting impression, a rightful ending to this extraordinary work.
_________________________
Era il 1950 quando Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) allora quarantaquattrenne, fu invitato come giurato a Lipsia per partecipare al festival per il bicentenario della morte di Bach. Fu in quell’occasione che incontrò la giovane pianista russa Tatiana Nikolayeva, vincitrice del medesimo concorso. Ispirato dalla sua incredibile interpretazione del Clavicembalo ben temperato di Bach, iniziò a comporre a sua volta un ciclo di 24 Preludi e Fughe per pianoforte in tutte le tonalità maggiori e minori. L’organizzazione tonale del ciclo differisce da quella bachiana (quest’ultima presenta una progressione per semitoni, Do maggiore – Do minore, seguito da Do# maggiore – Do# minore), ma segue la stessa adottata da Chopin nei 24 Preludi op. 28 (progressione per quinte ascendenti e relative minori, Do maggiore è seguito prima dalla sua relativa minore La, e poi dalla quinta Sol Maggiore). L’effetto risultante è sostanzialmente diverso. Il percorso tonale di Bach favorisce una maggiore differenziazione coloristica tra un Preludio e Fuga e il successivo, mentre Shostakovich predilige una catena di modulazioni più sfumata. In realtà, Bach intende dimostrare la possibilità di praticare tutte le tonalità maggiori e minori sulla tastiera temperata, mentre la scelta di Shostakovich suggerisce l’intenzione di creare un percorso ciclico che ritorna alla sua origine.
L’ultimo periodo del regime staliniano tra il 1946 al 1953 vide un nuova ondata di oppressione e censura tra l’intellighenzia sovietica. Shostakovich fu tra i compositori perseguiti dalla campagna anti-formalista del Partito Comunista del 1948, in seguito al quale fu rimosso dai suoi incarichi di insegnamento e dovette ritirare alcune delle sue opere. La prima esecuzione pubblica dei Preludi e fughe fu tenuta dallo stesso compositore nel 1951 davanti all’Unione dei Compositori. Nikolayeva, che era presente, ricorda nelle sue testimonianze che l’opera dovette affrontare una forte e diffusa opposizione e fu descritta come “spiacevole” e “distorta” con “tendenze di quei peccati commessi da Shostakovich negli anni passati”.
L’opera fu infatti accusata di formalismo dal comitato sovietico. Fu la stessa Nikolayeva a sostenere ferventemente l’opera, la eseguì integralmente in pubblico nel 1952, ne garantì la pubblicazione e la inserì nei suoi programmi da concerto negli anni a venire. Dobbiamo tenere presente che Shostakovich, nonostante fosse un pianista esperto, compose molto poco per tastiera. Fu celebrato dal governo sovietico per le sue sinfonie, dove i suoi desideri artistici troppo spesso dovettero piegarsi alle aspettative e richieste del regime. Oltre all’aspirazione prettamente tecnica di affinare la sua arte polifonica al pianoforte, Shostakovich potrebbe aver avuto un’altra ragione più personale per intraprendere il ciclo. Sullo sfondo di una campagna persecutoria incessante, i ventiquattro preludi e fughe emersero come un atto “straordinariamente audace e profondo di auto-guarigione” . Shostakovich non aveva nessuno da compiacere o da celebrare con la sua opera che risulta di una sincerità e profondità disarmante. Combinando la più alta forma musicale del Preludio e Fuga con i colori e i temi della sua terra e delle canzoni popolari russe, Shostakovich ottiene una varietà di immagini e personaggi senza precedenti, dando vita a una delle composizioni più spettacolari del XX secolo.
Ascoltando l’intero ciclo, è evidente un senso di evoluzione tra i brani, con un cambiamento graduale sia nel colore che, soprattutto, nello sviluppo emotivo. A differenza del Clavicembalo ben temperato, che è diviso in due libri, questo ciclo appare unificato, con il Preludio e Fuga n. 12 che segna un punto di svolta. I primi dodici preludi e fughe condividono uno spirito più leggero e spensierato. Le fughe sono più brevi, le idee musicali più dirette, e la struttura di ogni preludio e fuga è ben definita, spesso con climax chiari e appaganti.
Qualcosa inizia a cambiare con la fuga n. 10. Il soggetto qui è più sentito e intimo—qualità che ritroviamo anche nella seconda metà del ciclo. È come se ci venisse mostrato uno scorcio nel lato più personale e struggente dell’anima di Shostakovich. Il preludio e fuga n. 12 sviluppa ulteriormente questo aspetto con una toccante passacaglia che si trasforma in una fuga tormentata, insistente e “formalista”. Dopo la sua conclusione inquietante, il preludio n. 13 sembra un nuovo inizio. Da questo punto in poi, la linea di confine tra tonalità maggiore e minore diventa più sottile, e i preludi e fughe acquisiscono maggiore coesione.
I preludi e fughe in tonalità maggiore assumono un carattere più malinconico e toccante, mentre quelli in minore perdono la loro precedente forza drammatica, abbracciando invece temi più commoventi e pieni di angoscia. È come se ci venisse finalmente concesso l’accesso al lato più intimo dell’autore, rivelando una profondità emotiva che era sempre stata presente, ma mai così pienamente esposta fino a questo momento.
Il preludio e fuga n. 24 rappresenta la conclusione ultima del ciclo. È una sintesi delle due metà: porta con sé l’angoscia profonda e la sincerità della seconda parte, ma con un rinnovato senso di scopo, slancio e forza strutturale che mancava in precedenza. Chiude il ciclo in modo potente e definitivo, lasciando un’impressione duratura—una conclusione pienamente meritata per quest’opera straordinaria.
Lawrence Cosentino
Shostakovich’s Preludes and Fugues stands as one of the most profound and technically demanding collections of piano music from the 20th century. A masterpiece of both harmonic exploration and emotional depth, the cycle includes 24 pairs of preludes and fugues, each reflecting the complexity of Shostakovich’s musical voice and his experiences during the post-Stalin era.
This new recording from pianist Sofia Sacco captures the full breadth of the work, offering a detailed and nuanced performance of each prelude and fugue, and a clear, faithful presentation of one of Shostakovich’s most important contributions to the piano repertoire.
The release is accompanied by a full video recording of the work, created in collaboration with Fly on the Wall productions, offering a rare chance to experience the entire cycle as both a visual and musical journey.
Sofia Sacco
Italian pianist Sofia Sacco played extensively throughout Europe and Asia. She appeared as soloist in more than 100 recitals in Italy, Germany, Spain, Belgium, and China with latest appearances at prestigious venues including Teatro la Fenice in Venice, Gohliser Schlösschen in Leipzig, Pushkin House in London, Villa Reale in Monza, Centro Cultural Retiro in Madrid among others. She recently toured China giving recitals in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Changsha, Changchun, Hangzhou, Shenzhen. She appeared with the Pollini Symphony Orchestra, the Audentia Ensemble, Orchestra delle Tre Venezie and the Timía Chamber Orchestra. Sofia is the recipient of the Francis Simms Prize and first prize winner of the Bach International Music Competition and A. Baldi IPC.
Sofia began playing the piano at the age of 6 in Padua with M. Lazzarin, A. Silva and M. Ferrati, and moved to the UK in 2019 to study at the Royal Academy of Music as a scholarship student with R. Hayroudinoff. After completing her Master of Arts and Professional Diploma, Sofia was appointed Hodgson Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music for two consecutive years, and was awarded the Aud Jebsen Fellowship for 2024/2025. She is generously supported by City Music Foundation and was recently nominated CMF Artist 2024-26. Shostakovich’s music is a profound passion and influence for her, and she is committed to play and record all his works for piano – as an Artist in Residence for the Società del Quartetto di Bergamo she will perform his opera omnia in the coming years.
Inquisitive and widely curious, she also graduated in Physics at the University of Padua. Alongside her performing career, Sofia is an enthusiastic teacher, and she currently holds a teaching position at Trinity Music School and Queen’s College, London and at the Royal Academy of Music as part of her fellowship.
Click the button above to download all album assets.